How AI Chatbots Are Trained: From Pretraining to Human Feedback
A chatbot is not built in one step. Here is how pretraining, instruction tuning and feedback-based training work, what published research says each stage adds, and what remains unclear.
Section
AI
Artificial intelligence: the models, products, policy and research changing how software and people work.
How AI Benchmarks Work, and Why Headline Scores Can Mislead
Every new AI model arrives with a table of benchmark scores. Here is how those tests work, what Stanford and NIST say about their weaknesses, and how to read a score sensibly.
AI Agents Explained: How Software That Acts on Its Own Works
An AI agent does more than answer: it chooses actions, uses tools and checks the results. Here is how the loop works, where it helps, and the risks that come with it.
AI Hallucinations: Why Chatbots Make Things Up and How to Check
Chatbots sometimes state false things with complete confidence. New research points to how they are trained and graded as a cause, and there are practical ways to check an answer.
EU AI Act: High-Risk Rules Slip to 2027, but Transparency Duties Are Live
The EU pushed its AI Act's high-risk deadlines to December 2027 and August 2028, yet enforcement and transparency duties began in August 2026. Here is the timetable as it stands.
On-Device AI: What Changes When the Model Runs on Your Phone
More AI features now run on the phone itself rather than in the cloud. Apple and Google describe how, and what it means for privacy, speed and what the device can still do.
Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) Explained in Plain English
RAG lets an AI model look up documents before it answers. Here is where the idea came from, how a RAG system works, and why it reduces some errors but not all of them.